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    Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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    "2009 North Korean missile test" redirects here. For the 2009 nuclear test, as well as several other missile tests conducted in May 2009, see 2009 North Korean nuclear test.
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    		 It has been suggested that Kwangmyŏngsŏng be merged into this text or section. (Discuss)
    Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2
    Organisation KCST
    Mission type Communication/Technology*
    Launch date 5 April 2009, 02:20:00 UTC
    Carrier rocket Unha-2*
    Launch site Tonghae
    *The launch was officially of a communications satellite on a Unha-2, however the US and South Korea claimed it was a test of a missile known in the west as Taepodong-2[1]
    Search Wikinews Wikinews has related news: North Korea launches rocket

    Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 (Chosungul: 광명성 2호, Hanja: 光明星 2號, meaning Bright Star-2[2] or Lode Star-2[3]) was a satellite the North Korean government claimed to have placed into orbit in April 2009. According to the North Korean government, an Unha-2 rocket carrying the satellite was launched on Sunday 5 April 2009 at 11:20 local time (02:20 UTC) from the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground at Musudan-ri in northeastern North Korea.[4] However, officials in South Korea and the USA reported that the rocket and any payload had fallen into the Pacific Ocean.[5][6] The Russian Space Control concurred, stating that the satellite "simply is not there".[7][8]

    Prior to the launch, concern was raised by other nations, particularly the USA, South Korea and Japan, that the rocket was a Taepodong-2,[9] and the launch might be a trial run of technology that could be used in the future to launch an intercontinental ballistic missile.[10] The launch of the rocket was sharply condemned by the USA[11] and the European Union,[12] while the People's Republic of China[13] and Russia[14] urged restraint.

    Contents

    [edit] Pre-launch announcement

    Danger zones one and two reported to ICAO (approximate areas in red on left and right)

    The launch was first publicly announced on 24 February 2009, when the Korean Central News Agency reported that they had been informed by the Korean Committee of Space Technology that preparations for a satellite launch were underway, and that the satellite would be launched from Musudan-ri in Hwadae.[15] At about the same time, Kim Jong-il visited the province where the launch site is located, as he had immediately prior to the previous launch on 4 July 2006.

    On 12 March North Korea announced that it had signed the Outer Space Treaty and the Registration Convention.[16] It also informed the ICAO and IMO that it would conduct a satellite launch between 4 and 8 April, during a launch window running from 02:00 to 07:00 UTC. It reported that the rocket's first stage was planned to fall about 650 kilometres (400 mi) east-north-east of South Korea's Donghae, the second stage would fall about 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi) downrange, and the third stage would enter low Earth orbit with the satellite.[17] The ICAO map showed danger zone one extending between longitudes 135 and 138 at latitude 40 North, and zone two between longitudes 164 and 172 at latitudes 29 to 34 North.[17] North Korea designated the waters off Japan's Akita and Iwate prefectures as a risk zone for falling debris.[18] Most of a designated zone in the Sea of Japan lies within Japan's exclusive economic zone and outside its territorial waters.[19]

    [edit] International response to the announcement

    Prior to the official announcement, it was reported that North Korea was preparing to test a missile in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718. Following the announcement that it was a satellite launch attempt, the US government stated that it would consider intercepting the rocket if it did not appear to be an orbital launch, while Japan ordered the JSDF, on 26 March, to intercept debris of the rocket in case the firing failed and fell in Japanese territory or territorial waters.[20] [21] [22] North Korea responded that it would consider any attempt to intercept the launch to be an act of war, the spokesman of the DPRK force said "We will launch thunder and fire not only to projected JSDF interception forces but to important areas of Japan."[23][24] [25] South Korea,[26] Japan, and the USA deployed their Aegis destroyers and cruisers in the Sea of Japan,[27] destroyers which are equipped with BMD SM-3 missiles. Japan also moved its PAC-3 Patriot ground-based interceptor missiles to bases in Akita and Iwate.[28] Russia urged North Korea not to launch the rocket, since the situation in Northeastern Asia is already tense.

    [edit] Launch details

    The circle locates North Korea's Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground (Musudan-ri)

    The launch proceeded in relatively clear weather conditions. The launch pad was at the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground, in the North Korean province of North Hamgyong, near the northern tip of the East Korea Bay. The rocket flew over the Japanese islands "and reached airspace above the Pacific Ocean".[27] North Korea stated the first stage of the rocket would fall in the sea 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Japan, and the second stage would fall into the Pacific Ocean.[27] Japanese authorities stated no reports of damage or injury in Japan as a result of the launch, and that the rocket's first stage "landed in the water as had been expected".[27] According to the USA Northern Command, the remaining stages along with the payload itself landed in the Pacific Ocean.[6] Officials and analysts in Seoul said the rocket flew at least 2,000 miles (3,200 km), doubling the range of the one alleged by the North Korean government to have carried Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 in 1998.[29] Later analysis suggested the rocket impacted 2,390 miles (3,850 km) from the launch site, and that second stage operated normally but the rocket's third stage failed to separate properly.[30]

    [edit] The satellite

    Pyongyang claimed that Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was an experimental communications satellite[31] as part of a peaceful space project.[32]

    According to state news agency KCNA, which claimed the launch was successful, the satellite's orbital parameters consist of a 490 kilometres (300 mi) perigee and 1,426 kilometres (886 mi) apogee, with an orbital period of 104 minutes and 12 seconds and an orbital inclination of 40.6 degrees.[33][34] The satellite was said to have entered orbit nine minutes and two seconds after launch and began transmitting data and the "Song of General Kim Il-sung" and "Song of General Kim Jong-il" on a frequency of 470 MHz. However, similar claims were made in 1998 for Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, whose launch attempt is believed to have failed.[35][36][37]

    According to The Christian Science Monitor, South Korean experts asserted that the satellite was a dummy. Myung Noh-hoon, director of the Space Research Centre at KAIST was quoted as saying "They cannot have been shooting a real satellite. They did not build a satellite."[38] Contrary to this, a statement by an unnamed South Korean official announced that the rocket appeared to have carried a satellite[36].

    [edit] North Korean reaction

    “ The successful satellite launch symbolic of the leaping advance made in the nation's space science and technology was conducted against the background of the stirring period when a high-pitched drive for bringing about a fresh great revolutionary surge is under way throughout the country to open the gate to a great prosperous and powerful nation without fail by 2012, the centenary of birth of President Kim Il Sung, under the far-reaching plan of General Secretary Kim Jong Il. This is powerfully encouraging the Korean people all out in the general advance. ”

    —KCNA, KCNA on DPRK's Successful Launch of Satellite Kwangmyongsong-2[35]

    Rodong Sinmun, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, reported that North Korean leader Kim Jong-il "felt regret for not being able to spend more money on the people's livelihoods and was choked with sobs" during the launch.[39]

    In the following days, North Korea released images of the purported rocket launch.[40] A mass rally by thousands of North Koreans took place in Kim Il-sung Square, Pyongyang to celebrate the "successful" launch of the satellite.[41][42]

    On 29 April, the state-run Korean Central News Agency reported that "North Korea threatened to conduct a nuclear test and more ballistic missile tests if the U.N. Security Council doesn't apologize to North Korea and withdraw its condemnation of Pyongyang's rocket launch earlier this month."[43][44][45] On 25 May, North Korea claimed that it had conducted a second nuclear test.[46]

    In August 2009, postage stamps commemorating the launch were brought into circulation. The souvenir sheet says "Launch of Artificial Satellite 'Kwangmyongsong No. 2' in the DPRK."[47]

    [edit] International response to the launch

    [edit] Members of the six-party talks

    See also: Six-party talks
    •  South Korea – Foreign Minister Yu Myung-hwan stated that "The North's launch is a provocative act that clearly violates United Nations Security Council [Resolution] 1718 that regardless of the North's claims threatens peace and stability of the Korean peninsula and Northeast Asia."[48]
    •  Japan – Prime Minister Taro Aso stated that "the fact that North Korea went ahead with the launch despite repeated warnings from around the world, especially the USA, South Korea and Japan, was an extremely provocative act and one that Japan cannot let go unchallenged. So, cooperating with the international community, we want to respond (considering that) it was clearly a violation of the U.N. resolutions."[48]
    •  People's Republic of China – Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu stated "We hope related parties stay calm and exercise restraint, appropriately deal with it and together maintain peace and stability in this region. The Chinese side is willing to continue to play a constructive role."[48]
    •  Russia – A Foreign Ministry spokesman said, "We are checking whether this (launch) is not a violation of certain resolutions of the U.N. Security Council and call on all sides to refrain from actions that could lead to escalation of tensions on the Korean peninsula."[48]
    •  USA – President Barack Obama stated "North Korea's development and proliferation of ballistic missile technology pose a threat to the northeast Asian region and to international peace and security. With this provocative act, North Korea has ignored its international obligations, rejected unequivocal calls for restraint, and further isolated itself from the community of nations."[48] Barack Obama gave a speech in Prague about the missile launch. Obama stated that "North Korea...has broke the rules...once again...by testing a rocket that could be used for long range missiles. Rules must be binding. Violations must be punished. Words must mean something. The world must stand together to prevent the spread to these weapons. It is time for an international response to prevent the spread of these weapons."

    [edit] International organisations

    •  European Union – The EU called on North Korea to suspend its nuclear activities related to the ballistic missile programme and all other nuclear weapons in a "complete, verifiable and irreversible manner."[49]
    • NATO – Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer condemned the launch, calling it "highly provocative, and in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 barring North Korea from developing ballistic missile capability or launching ballistic missiles". He commented that the launch would deepen concern about North Korea in the region and beyond, complicate the 6-party talks and called on North Korea to cease such provocative actions.[50]
    •  United Nations – Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said that "Given the volatility in the region ... such a launch is not conducive to efforts to promote dialogue, regional peace and stability. The Secretary-General urges (North Korea) to comply with relevant Security Council resolutions."[48] Members of the Security Council voted unanimously on 13 April 2009 for a presidential statement that condemned the rocket launch, which it described as "in contravention" to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718, and demanded North Korea make no more launches. It also allowed for an "adjustment" of sanctions and set up a committee to make recommendation on such an adjustment by April 24. The statement of was a compromise reached after the five permanent members of the Security Council and Japan failed to agree on a resolution with new sanctions.[51]

    [edit] Other countries

    •  Australia – Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd called the North Korean launch "provocative" and "reckless". "We urge the council to immediately consider further action," he said in a statement.[52]
    •  Canada – Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon stated that "Canada is very concerned by North Korea's decision to launch a long-range rocket. This ill-advised action undermines confidence in North Korea's commitment to peace and security. Canada calls upon North Korea to comply fully with the requirements of UNSCR 1718 and suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile program."[53]
    •  France – President Nicolas Sarkozy said that North Korea had placed itself "outside international law," calling for further enforcement of sanctions by the international community to "punish the regime."[48]
    •  India – A spokesman from the External Affairs Ministry described the launch as having a "destablising effect" in the "volatile region" and hoped that the response would be "restrained and proportionate". Any decision should be taken by the UN.[54]
    •  Indonesia - Foreign Ministry spokesman Teuku Faizasyah was concerned over the launch, adding that it has "increased the risk of tension although it still has to be verified whether it was a satellite or a missile. Our main concern is North Korea's launch has gone against the nuclear disarmament spirit in East Asia." He also stated that suspicions would continue until the relevant parties meet and negotiate.[55]
    •  Iran – An official from the Foreign Ministry defended the launch, saying that every nation had the right to the peaceful use of space technology. The spokesman also denied any cooperation with North Korea in the launch.[56]
    •  Italy – The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that "These missile launches may complicate furthermore to find a solution to North Korean nuclear affairs and obstruct the achievement of stability in the area".[57]
    •  New Zealand – Foreign Minister Murray McCully said the test was "reckless" and did not help peace and stability in the region. McCully also stated that it was a "backwards step" for North Korea, and urged the country to focus on meeting the agreements made during the six-party talks as it was in its interests to do so.[58]
    •  Singapore – A statement issued by the Foreign Ministry stated it was "deeply concerned" at the launch, and urged all parties to exercise restraint and reduce tensions through dialogue.[59][60]
    •  Switzerland – The Swiss Foreign Ministry condemned the incident, saying that it violated United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718, but also called for "all parties to refrain from any action that could aggravate the situation" and for "dialogue and moderation to be given priority".[61]
    •  Turkey - A statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed concern at the recent action. "We support efforts, in particular by the UN Security Council, to have the international community embrace a joint stance on this issue. We want the related parties to avoid steps that will not contribute to ongoing goodwill efforts for maintaining regional peace and stability."[62]
    •  United Kingdom – The UK's Foreign Secretary David Miliband said that he strongly condemned North Korea's launch of a rocket and urged it to "cease immediately all further missile-related activity."[63]
    •  Venezuela – Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said in an interview in Tokyo that due to the "lack of information, and contradictory information ... I prefer to have a great deal of prudence as the Russian government has said".[64]
    •  Vietnam – Vietnam paid close attention to the launch. "We hope related parties respond with caution and appropriately deal with the move, so as not to exacerbate the situation further to affect peace and stability in Northeast Asia", spokesman Le Dung said.[65]
    •  Zimbabwe – Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe congratulated North Korea on the launch of the satellite, and expressed gratitude for help that Zimbabwe had received from North Korea in the past.[66]

    [edit] North Korean response to criticism

    Shortly after members of the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the rocket launch, North Korea responded in a statement released by its foreign ministry on 14 April 2009 that the UN action was an "unbearable insult", and the UN statement infringed its sovereignty and "severely debases" its people. It also decided to quit the six-party talks, saying "There is no need for the six-party talks any more. We will never again take part in such talks and will not be bound by any agreement reached at the talks." The statement added that North Korea intended to "bolster its nuclear deterrent for self-defence in every way" and that it would restart the Yongbyon reactor.[67][68] North Korea partially dismantled the reactor in 2008 as part of an international agreement in return for foreign aid and diplomatic concessions.[67] On 18 April, Pyongyang unexpectedly announced that it would interpret sanctions and criticism levelled after the launch as "a declaration of war" and reasserted the North Korean military's willingness to defend against "aggression" from South Korea and the USA.[69][70] On 29 April, it further demanded "apology" from the U.N. Security Council and threatened with more nuclear tests and intercontinental ballistic missile tests.[71]

    The International Atomic Energy Agency said on 14 April that North Korea informed its inspectors of immediate cessation of all cooperation with the IAEA and instructed them to leave the country.[72] On 24 April, the IAEA officially declared North Korea as "a fully fledged nuclear power", according to intelligence briefings.[73]

    [edit] Reactions by members of the six-party talks

    •  Japan – Kyodo News Agency reported that Japan urged North Korea to return to the six-party talks.[72]
    •  People's Republic of China – A spokesman for the Foreign Ministry was quoted as saying, "The Chinese side hopes all sides will continue to advance and push forward the six-party talks and the denuclearisation of the Korean peninsula."[68] The Foreign Ministry issued a statement on 14 April urging all parties to "exert calmness and restraint, jointly maintain peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia, and make concerted efforts to consistently facilitate the six-party talks and denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula".[72]
    •  Russia – Russia expressed its "regret" at North Korea's actions and also "call[ed] on North Korea to return to the negotiating table in the interests of denuclearising the Korean peninsula".[68] Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that Russia "hopes for resuming the six-party talks on the North Korean nuclear problem soon", according to ITAR-TASS.[72]
    •  USA – Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called North Korea's decision to stop cooperating with the atomic energy panel "an unnecessary response to the legitimate statement put out of concern by the Security Council." White House spokesman Robert Gibbs called North Korea's "announced threat to withdraw from the six-party talks and restart its nuclear program … a serious step in the wrong direction".[72]


    [edit] See also

    [edit] References

    1. ^ "UN sanctions sought on N Korea". BBC NEWS. 2009-04-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7978140.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
    2. ^ Jong-Heon, Lee (February 26, 2009). "N. Korean missiles unnerve". The Washington Times. pp. 2. http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/26/n-korean-missiles-unnerve/?page=2. Retrieved 2009-04-05. 
    3. ^ "N. Korea announces Chairman Kim Jong-il personally oversaw satellite launch". The Hankyoreh. 2009-04-07. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/348431.html. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 
    4. ^ "TEXT-N.Korea says it successfully launched satellite | Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. 2009-02-09. http://uk.reuters.com/text/latestCrisis/idUKSEO88417. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
    5. ^ North Korea space launch 'fails', BBC News, 5 April 2009
    6. ^ a b "NORAD and USNORTHCOM monitor North Korean launch". USA Northern Command. 2009-04-05. http://www.northcom.mil/News/2009/040509.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05. 
    7. ^ "Russian space control: DPRK satellite not placed in orbit". Xinhua News Agency. 2009-04-06. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/06/content_11138713.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
    8. ^ "UN Security Council split over North Korean ‘satellite’ launch". Russia Today. 2009-04-06. http://www.russiatoday.ru/Top_News/2009-04-06/UN_Security_Council_split_over_North_Korean__satellite__launch.html?fullstory. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
    9. ^ "FACTBOX: North Korea's Taepodong-2 long-range missile". REUTERS. 2009-03-25. http://www.reuters.com/text/topNews/idUSTRE52P03Q20090326. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
    10. ^ "Japan OKs deployment of missile defense system". Associated Press. 2009-03-29. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/text/2009/03/27/AR2009032700319.html. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 
    11. ^ Obama Condemns North Korea Launch, Calls for Nuclear Free World, Voice of America, April 5, 2009
    12. ^ EU condemns launch, China urges calm, Brisbane Times, April 5, 2009
    13. ^ China urges calm after North Korea rocket launch, Reuters, April 5, 2009
    14. ^ Russia urges calm after North Korea rocket launch, Reuters, April 5, 2009
    15. ^ "朝鲜将发射“光明星二号”试验通讯卫星" (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2009-02-24. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-02/24/content_10883499.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14. 
    16. ^ "KCNA Report on DPRK's Accession to International Space Treaty and Convention". KCNA. 2009-03-12. http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2009/200903/news12/20090312-11ee.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14. 
    17. ^ a b "ICAO officially advised of DPRK plans for rocket launch" (PDF). ICAO. 2009-03-12. http://www.icao.int/icao/en/nr/2009/pio200902_e.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-14. 
    18. ^ "China urges N Korea to resume talks". Al Jazeera English. 2009-03-20. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/03/200932034959624870.html. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 
    19. ^ "'Danger zone' for debris lies in EEZ". Yomiuri Shimbun. 2009-03-18. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20090318TDY02304.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 
    20. ^ "Interception order issued / SDF to shoot down DPRK missile if it threatens Japan's territory". Yomiuri Shinbun. 2009-03-28. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20090328TDY01301.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
    21. ^ "Japan deploys PAC-3 systems in northern city of Sendai". NECN.com. 2009-03-30. http://www.necn.com/Boston/World/2009/03/30/Japan-deploys-PAC3-systems-in/1238409093.html. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
    22. ^ "N. Korea deploys jets to protect rocket". UPI. 2009-04-02. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/04/02/UPI_NewsTrack_TopNews/UPI-33501238673715/. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
    23. ^ Nikkei's Japanese Oliginal Article"DPRK Blackmailed Japanese important objects(Missile) attack for retaliate(?) interception"
    24. ^ "北朝鮮軍「日本が迎撃すれば重要対象に報復」" (in Japanese). Nikkei. 2009-04-02. http://www.nikkei.co.jp/sp2/nt71/20090402AS2M0201X02042009.html. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
    25. ^ As North Korea counts down, Japan talks tough, Los Angeles Times, April 4, 2009
    26. ^ Shimbun, Yomiuri (2009-04-05). "MD system deployment shows mobility key". Daily Yomiuri Online. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20090405TDY03104.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-06. "The South Korean Navy, meanwhile, dispatched the King Sejong, its new Aegis-equipped destroyer, to the Sea of Japan." 
    27. ^ a b c d "North Korea fires long-range rocket: reports". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2009-04-05. http://www.smh.com.au/world/north-korea-fires-longrange-rocket-reports-20090405-9sz1.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05. 
    28. ^ McCurry, Justin (2009-03-28). "Japan takes aim". Asia Times Online. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/KC28Dh01.html. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 
    29. ^ "North Korea Seeks Political Gain From Rocket Launch". The NY Times. 2009-04-06. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/07/world/asia/07korea.html?hpw. Retrieved 2009-04-07. 
    30. ^ Craig Covault (10 April 2009). "North Korean rocket flew further than earlier thought". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0904/10northkorea/. Retrieved 2009-04-17. 
    31. ^ "High five: Messages from North Korea". Asia Times Online. 2009-03-19. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/KC19Dg01.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
    32. ^ "North Korea Rocket Would Break UN Resolution, Yu Says". Bloomberg. 2009-03-11. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aLDFYTrDGK2Y&refer=asia. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
    33. ^ "TEXT-N.Korea says it successfully launched satellite". KCNA. Reuters. 2009-04-05. http://www.reuters.com/text/latestCrisis/idUSSEO88417. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
    34. ^ Controversial satellite launch by North Korea triggers alarm, The Hindu, April 6, 2009
    35. ^ a b "KCNA on DPRK's Successful Launch of Satellite Kwangmyongsong-2". KCNA. 2009-04-05. http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2009/200904/news05/20090405-11ee.html. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
    36. ^ a b "Defiant N Korea launches rocket". BBC News. 2009-04-05. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7982874.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-14. 
    37. ^ "Спутник КНДР передает на Землю песни о Ким Ир Сене и Ким Чен Ире" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 2009-04-05. http://www.rian.ru/science/20090405/167118107.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05. 
    38. ^ Kirk, Donald (2009-04-07). "North Korea used dummy satellite, South Korean experts say". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0407/p06s07-woap.html. Retrieved 2009-04-14. 
    39. ^ "NKorea's Kim 'weeps' at historic rocket launch". Agence France-Presse. 2009-04-07. http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090407/wl_asia_afp/nkoreamissile;_ylt=AsLgApH4Fjeo7zROVbcpNOhvaA8F. Retrieved 2009-04-07. "It reported that Kim Jong-Il "felt regret for not being able to spend more money on the people's livelihoods and was choked with sobs." "Our people will still understand," it quoted him as saying." 
    40. ^ First Images of N. Korea Rocket Launch Revealed, Fox News, April 7, 2009
    41. ^ N Korea celebrates rocket launch, BBC News, April 8, 2009
    42. ^ Pyongyang Mass Rally Held, KCNA, April 8, 2009
    43. ^ [1]
    44. ^ [2]
    45. ^ [3]
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    47. ^ Stamp on Artificial Satellite Kwangmyongsong No. 2 Published. Korean Central News Agency. August 5, 2009.
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    73. ^ N Korea recognised as a nuclear power - The Australian
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